STRUCTURE TOEFL
Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to
the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and
relationships of entities.
A. Basic Sentences
stucture
In general, there was
no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with
Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon four components play items, namely.
Subject ( S ) + Verb (
V ) + Complement ( C ) + Modifier ( M )
example :
We Studied grammar last
week
We Studied + + grammar
+ last week
S + V + C + M
1 . SUBJECT
• is the agent of the
sentence in the active voice
• is the thing / person
that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence
• normally precedes the
verb
example :
• I explain how to
study English
• She listens to my
explanation
• They did not
understand that language
The subject can be seen
from the question who or what is doing the action of a sentence.
2 . VERB
Verb is the action of a
sentence. Verb phrase : auxilaries combination with the main verb.
example :
• I am learning English
( am = auxilary, learning = main verb )
• My brother is very
clever
• She has gone home
(has = auxilary, gone = main verb )
• I have been waiting
here ( have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb )
3 . Complement
• Usually a noun or
noun phrase
• usually found after
the verb in the active sentence
• complement to answer
the question what or Whom
example :
• Sarijon bought a cake
yesterday
o What did Sarijon buy
yesterday ? - > A cake .
• He saw Tony at the
movies
o Whom did he see at
the movies ? - > Tony
• I explain to my
students Pharmacology
• What do I explain to
my students ? - > Pharmacology
4 . MODIFIER
• Modifier describes
the time, place, or manner of an action or actions
• The most common form
of the modifier is a propositional phrase ( group of words that begins with a
preposition and ends with a noun .
Preposition = on,
out, under, behind, etc ...
• Modifier answer the
questions when, where, or how
example :
• John bought a book at
a book fair
Where did John buy a book ? - > At a book
fair
• She is driving very
fast
How is she driving ? - > Very fast
• I posted my
application yesterday
When do I post my application ? - >
Yesterday
example problems :
1 . The Eiffel Tower is
a landmark in Paris, France
2 . Young deer fawns is
3 . A dream about
falling is scary
4 . Those flowers are
beautiful
5 . I Launched this
blog on 14th july 2009
B. Parallel Structure
Parallelism means that
the words used in a series or group that should have the same form as the
grammar. When we use words or phrases that are connected by a chain, then it
must be the same shape as the grammar. Consider the following example :
• Terry likes swimming
and to dive. ( False - not parallel )
• Terry likes swimming
and diving. ( True - parallel )
• Terry likes to swim
and ( to ) dive. ( True - parallel )
• I'm taking history,
math, and chemical. ( False - Chemical not a noun )
• I'm taking history,
math, and chemistry
Example problem :
Identify and correct
the mistakes in the parallel structure in the following sentences
1 . The I swept the
yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes.
2 . James Decided to
get up early, practice some yoga and eat healthy foods.
3 . Although I trained
hard, practiced every day and listened to my trainer, I've never won a
tournament.
4 . The I wish he would
listen to me, take my advice and stop smoking.
5 . He is an articulate,
intelligent and thoughtful speaker.
C. Comparative
Adjectives
When talking about the
two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well similarities
between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side and the
difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two objects
we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative adjectives
to compare between two objects only.
There are two ways to
create a comparative adjectives :
1 . Adding the suffix -
er ( short adjectives )
2 . Adding more prefix
(long adjectives )
Addition of a suffix
rule for short adjectives :
• Generally only added
adjective - er, for example : older, smaller, richer, etc.
• If the ending - e,
just add r, for example : later, nicer, etc.
• If the ending in a
consonant - vowel - consonant, the final consonant plus, then plus - er, for example
: bigger, hotter, etc.
• If the ending - y, then
y changed to i then added er, for example : happier, Earlier, busier, heavier,
etc.
For long adjectives,
the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example : expensive to be
more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on . Some adjectives
have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well ( healthy ) - better, bad -
worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Adjectives with two
syllables can use- er or more : quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer
/ more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple.
Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different objects, but
can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself, and the
object is not to say, as one example sentence above : I want to have a more
powerful computer.
Adjectives with two
syllables
If the adjective has
two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective. example :
• This book is more
expensive than that book.
• This picture is more
beautiful.
However, there are many
exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.
Some words with two
syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 Syllable.
example :
• This is Easier - True
• This is more easy -
not really
• This is Simpler -
True
• This is more simple -
not true
And some adjectives can
use both comparative form. example :
• Clever - cleverer -
more clever : These are all correct
• Quiet - quieter -
more quiet : These are all correct
No exceptions can be
learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.
Example problems :
1 . The Nile river is
longer than the Amazon.
2 . 'm Taller than Yuri
but shorter than Miko.
3 . They're more
handsome than us , but we're smarter than them.
4 . This book bag is
more expensive than that bag.
5 . Newspaper This
newspaper is better than that.
D. Conditional Clauses
Conditional ( sentence
presupposition ) Explains that an activity Contrary to other activities. The
most common is Real and Unreal conditionals Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes
called if- clauses. Real Conditional ( Often also Referred to as Conditional
Type I ) mengandai describes the which - if in accordance with the facts.
Unreal Conditional (
Often also Referred to as Conditional Type II ) the which describes the supposition
that no real or imagined. There is also a 3rd Conditional Often called the
Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and zero
conditionals, used to express something that is definitely true.
Note : If the clause
" if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the
" coma ". Conversely, if the clause " if" is behind, then
there should be no comma
Conditional or modality
has three forms :
1 . Future Conditional
( Conditional Type 1 ) This Assumption states that something might happen in
the future or now, if the terms / conditions are met certain.
Type 1 Conditional
formula :
+ Subject + If + subject
+ present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1 ( simple form)
example : If have money
I will buy a new car
Simple If + Subject +
... + subject + present simple -present
example : If he has
enough time, John usually walks to school.
If + Subject + ... +
command simple present form
example : If you go to
the post office, please mail this letter for me !
2 . Unreal Present (
Conditional Type 2 ) This Assumption states something Contrary to what exists
or happens now.
+ If + subject + subject
+ simple past modals ( would, could, might ) V1 ( Simple Form )
example : If I had time,
I would go to the beach with you this weekend
( I do not have time so
I could not go )
He would tell you about
it if he were here
( He would say if he
were here, that Because she's not here, he did not say Because he is not here
he does not tell you about it )
* For the if- clause in
this form only to be " were " is used for all subjects .
if the conditional type
2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion :
Were + subject + Adj /
Noun + capital + subject ( would, could, might ) + V1
example : Were I John I
would not forgive you.
( if only I was the
john I will not forgive you, in fact I not john so I forgive you / I'm not John
so I forgive you ) .
He could hug me, if he
were here. ( She may hug me, if he's here ). The fact is : he can not hug me,
Because, he is not here.
3 . Unreal Past ( Conditional
Type 3 )
This Assumption states
something Contrary to what has happened (past ).
Type 3 Conditional
formula :
+ If + Subject + Past
Perfect ... subject modals ( would, could, might ) have + V3
example :
1 . If we had known
that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
( if only we knew you
were there, we had sent a letter to you )
the which means that we
do not send the letter Because we do not know you're there / I did not know
that you were there so I did not write you a letter.
2 . He would tell you
about it if he were here.
3 . If he did not speak
so quickly intervening intervening, you could understand
him .
Form inversion (
without the " IF " ) for this pattern :
Had + subject + subject
+ V3 ... modals ( would, could, might ) have + V3
inverse sentence
above when written into :
Had we known that
you were there, we would have written you a letter.
without changing
the meaning or significance.
Example Problems :
If it was not so
cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside
E. Noun Clauses
Noun clause is a clause
( ie subject and verb ) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is
Generally used as a subject and an object sentences.
Noun clause can be
preceded by :
• Question question
word or relative pronoun either single word or phrase :
Single question
word ( ie when, how, what, ect. )
-
Question word + determiner / noun / adjective
/ adverb.
-
Question word + infinitive.
• conjunction ( i.e.
Whether and if).
• That or the fact that
.
So the pattern of the
noun clause is :
Question word /
conjunction / that + subject + verb + .....
A. Noun clauses
beginning with Question words
In How to Address
Questions already Discussed about the use of question words either in making
information questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded questions are
noun clause. In this section are given additional examples to refresh your
memory.
Refresh your memory.
1 . Single question
words.
example :
1 . Where she is now is
still unknown.
2 . When they arrive is
still uncertain.
3 . I know what you did
last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred
by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Note : In this sentence, the noun clause what you did
last summer Became the object of I know and I still know, and once combined
with : are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, a compound
subject of the sentence.
Noun clause can be
placed at the beginning of the sentence ( as subject) or as an object. If you
want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentence into a
sentence, it is usually Necessary pronoun or a slight modification of the word.
The above example Becomes :
1 . It is still unknown
where she is now.
2 . Do you know when
they arrive ?
3 . Two Hollywood
movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and
I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of movies, noun clause
what you did last summer does not need to be rotated position.
NOTE :
a. Clause question preceded
by certain words ( ie when, Whenever, where ) can also function as an adverbial
clause.
example :
1 . I was reading a
book when the phone rang.
2 . I went to where I
and my ex - girlfriend had been last weekend.
3 . Suddenly I get
nausea Whenever I see his face. ( nausea = nausea / vomiting willing ).
b . Clause is preceded
by the words specific question ( ie who, Whom, Whose + noun ) can also function
as an adjective clause. In this case, the question is actually a relative
pronoun. Well, do not be too confused by the term. Important that you
understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if you are curious,
please read the adjective clauses topic.
example :
1 . Whom I think you Mr.
Dodi was looking for. ( I guess you (people ) who were looking for Dodi pack
Earlier ).
2 . Mr. Dodi, who is a
teacher, was looking for you at school.
3 . Rommy, Whose book
was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
So, how to tell if the
noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause ? The answer is simple. Noun
clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the adverbial clause and
adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what and who / Whom ;
adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how (including how much, how
often, ect ), and why. Adjective clause ( ie in the form of an adjective clause
) describes the noun, and the relative pronounnya ( ie who, that, ect. ) In
Indonesian means " the ".
2 . Question words +
ever / soever
Except how, at the end
of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever = whensoever , whatever
= whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, ie only / no,
stay combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be
however ( ie adverb or also called a transition word meaning yet / even if it
is ) is not included in this category.
example :
1 . We will accept
whatever you want us to do. ( We will accept / do whatever you want us to do ).
2 . Whoever can melt her
feeling is a very lucky guy. ( melt = melt ). Be careful : guy ( pronounced gae
) = men, while gay (read gei ) = fag = fag.
3 . She has agreed to wherever
the man would bring her. ( He has agreed to take him wherever he goes ). Note :
in speaking ( informal ), preposition ( in this case to , etc. . ) Is usually
placed at the end of the sentence. She has agreed wherever the man would bring
her to.
3 . Question nouns +
words
Question
words are nouns + Often used, among others : what time ( time ), what day (
what day ), what time ( time ), what kind ( what kind ), what type (what type),
Whose + nouns ( ie Whose car, Whose book, ect. ), and so on.
example :
1 . I can not remember
what day we will take the exam.
2 . As long as I am
faithful , she does not care what type of family I come from. (faithful =
loyal).
3 . Do you know what
time it is ?
4 . The I do not know
Whose car is parked in front of my house.
4 . Question adjectives
+ words
Question + words are
frequently used adjectives such as: how long ( how long / long ), how far (how
much), how old ( how old / Age ), ect.
example :
1 . Man ! She still
looks young. Do you know how old she actually is ?
2 . I am lost. Could
you tell me how far it is from here to the post office ?
3 . What a jerk. He did
not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5 . Question words +
determiners.
Question words Determiners Often used is : how
many ( how many ) and how much ( how many ) . Remember : how many Followed by
plural nouns, whereas how much Followed by uncountable nouns.
example :
1 . Is there any
correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or
she has ?
2 . How much will
improve your English skills is determined by how hard you practice.
6 . Question words +
adverbs
+ Question words are
frequently used adverbs are : how Often ( how Often ), how many times ( how
many times ) ect.
example :
1 . Often no matter how
I practice, my English still sucks. ( No matter how many times I practice, my
english is bad ). Suck ( informal verb ) = bad / not good ; suck another
meaning : suck.
2 . I do not want my
parents to know how many times I have left school early. ( leave school early =
absent ).
7 . Question words +
infinitives
If the question words
immediately Followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies shouldatau can /
could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.
example :
1 . She did not know
what to do = She did not know what she should do. ( He does not know what he
should do ).
2 . Please tell me how
to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train
station from here.
3 . We have not Decided
when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we should go to the beach.
4 . Mary told us where
to find her = Mary told us where we could find her.
Noun clauses beginning
with B. Whether / if
Whether can be Followed
by OR / NOT can not ; meaning of the sentence is usually the same although the
OR / NOT is not Mentioned ( it depends on the context of the sentence ) .
example :
1 . Whether I am not
sure she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am
not sure Whether she is coming. ( I'm not sure Whether he will come or not ).
2 . We can not decide
Whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not decide Whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after Whether.
3 . Whether I am not
sure I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. ( I'm
not sure if I should take some Economic Law after graduating from high school
or later ).
4 . If you take economics,
I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too
C. Noun clauses
beginning with that / the fact that
Here, that means that,
while the fact that the fact that means. Whereas, in adjective clauses that
mean that.
example :
1 . That she has had a
PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of
people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2 . It is the fact that
the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3 . It was obvious that
she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4 . It seems that it is
going to rain soon.
Example Problem :
1 . The teacher heard
who answered the question.
analysis :
• The first sentence
" The teacher heard " is true Because The subject teacher and heard
verbnya. The second sentence " Who answered the phoned " is also true
Because who serves as a subject and answered as verbnya. Who at the same time
also serves as connetor.
• So the above sentence
is correct.
2 . I do not understand
it went wrong.
analysis :
• The first sentence
" I do not understand " is correct because i do not understand the
subject and verb. The second sentence " it went wrong" is wrong
Because there is no connector at once the subject.
• correct sentence
should be : I do not understand what went wrong. What subject and also serves
as a connector, while his went as a verb .
3 . Of the three movies,
I can not decide is the best roomates.
analysis :
• In the first sentence,
I can not decide as Subject and as a verb. In the second sentence, roomates as
well as the subject and the connector is a verb.
4 . She did not
remember who in her class.
analysis :
• In the first sentence,
as She did not remember the subject and the verb. Dikalimat second, who as a
connector and also the subject but no verb.
• correct sentence
should ................. who was in her class.
5 . No one is sure what
did it happen in front of the building.
analysis
:
• The first sentence is
correct Because No one is subject and is is a verb, but the second sentence is
wrong Because there was and it did. Seharusnay in and it did delete and verb
" happen" Became the form of yesteryear " happened".
• So the correct
sentence should be : ....... what happened in front of the building.
Structure of the TOEFL
Grammar
Let's look at the
structure - the following structure :
1 . Passive Voice
The passive voice is
clearly different from the active sentence. Usefulness was different in English.
In the active voice, the subject was the one who did the work, while in the
passive voice, the object was the one who did the work.
Change the sentence
from active to passive sentences can be seen as follows :
Active
: Hendry Often helps my mother.
Passive
: My mother is Often helped by Hendry.
Active
: I sent this letter three days ago.
Passive
: This letter was sent by me three days ago.
The passive voice is
used when we want to focus on what happened, not who or what is doing it.
example :
The
city was destroyed during the World War II.
(
The city was destroyed during World War II. )
The passive voice is
also used if we want to avoid a false object like somebody / someone.
2 . Adjective
Adjective is an adjective
used to describe nouns. Adjective can be used in front of countable objects
ataupununcountable.
example :
-
expensive handbags expensive bag
new
Friend - new friends
Here are the types of
adjective :
- Qualitative adj :
describes the shape / occurrence of an object.
(
big, small, tall, etc. )
- Distributive adj : is
distributive
(
every, either, each, etc. )
- Possessive adj :
showing possession.
(
his, her, my, etc. )
- Demonstrative adj :
to designate an object.
(that,
this, those, etc. )
- Interrogative adj :
to ask an object.
(which,
what, Whose )
- Quantitative adj :
describes the number of objects .
(
many, some, much, etc. )
- Colour adj :
describes the color of objects.
(
red, green, yellow, etc. )
There is also a type of
adjective is next, which is a compound adjective.
Compound Adjective that
said numbers can be combined with a noun in the singular.
example :
a. Age ( years )
A fifty years old woman.
- wrong
A fifty year old woman.
– true
3 . Comparison Degree
Is a comparison of the
levels consist of the following types :
1 . The Positive Degree
Point out the
similarity of quality, quantity, degree, degrees, between an object with other
objects.
example :
The
girl is as old as my mother.
I
am as tall as my sister.
2 . Comparative Degree
Used if we want to make
it clear that there is inequality comparison between one object with another
object.
example :
I'm
shorter than my brother.
My
bag is more expensive than her.
The rules in this is if
the comparative degree of adjectives is less or equal 2 syllables, so for
comparison we add " er " to the adjective. But if the adjectives we
use to compare is more than 2 syllables, then we add " more " in
front of the adjective.
3 . Superlative Degree
Used to compare the
difference that exceeds a person or persons or other objects. (most)
example :
Dave
is the tallest in the class.
Ellie
is the most diligent student.
Rules in the
superlative degree is similar to a comparative degree. If the words we use to
compare less than or equal to 2 syllables, then we add " est " in the
word. Meanwhile, if more than 2 syllables then we add "most " in
front of the word.
4 . Adjective Clause
Is a clause that
functions as a modifier or replace the position of the adjective in compound
sentences.
example :
1 . The boy who studies
in Gunadarma University is Doni.
2 . Whom The man you
met yesterday is my father.
3 . Whose The dress is
white girl is my sister.
Who, Whom, Whose, then
there are also roomates, and that merupakanrelative clauses whose function is
to complete adjective clause.
Each relative clauses
are used as follows :
Who : used related to
the subject ( person )
Whom : used associated
with the object ( person )
Which : used in
conjunction with the subject or object ( object )
That: used in
conjunction with the subject or object ( object / person )
Whose : used in conjunction
with possessive pronouns.
5 . The Zero Article
Clothing is a word that
is sometimes used in English.
The word is not used
clothing in front of the noun is plural if it is something that is common.
example :
a. People : Doctors are
paid better than teacher.
b . Animals : Cats do
not like cold weather.
c . Food : Carrots are
good for eyes.
d . Places : Museums
are closed on Monday.
The word is not used
clothing in front of a noun that can not be calculated.
example :
a. Food : Butter is
made from milk.
b . Colours : White is
my favorite color.
c . Languages : English
is spoken all over the world.
" THE " is
not used in front of the name of the continent, country, city, and province
degara.
example :
a. Sweden is in Europe.
b . Jakarta is the
capital of Indonesia.
Source:
http://muthiadewi28.blogspot.com/2013/05/toefl-grammar-structure.html
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